Recidivism And The Correctional System - 1722 Words

There are many interesting topics in Criminal Justice that can be discussed and are relatable to my experience at the Lorain/Medina Community Based Correctional Facility, but I thought that perhaps one of the most interesting ones to look at is recidivism in the correctional system. It is also a commonality in other aspects of the criminal justice system. I chose to research the topic of recidivism for many reasons, one of them is that it relates to my experience because many of the residents I interacted with this summer had been involved with the system more than one time and in fact many of them have been through the L/M CBCF’s program multiple times. One of the females who is currently going through the program had been to the facility five times prior to this one and many of the males have been through the program at least twice. Many of them also talk about not being able to stop themselves from relapsing once they are released from the facility and being through a lot o f other rehabilitation and recovery centers. After this discovery I wanted to explore and research more about recidivism and why it is a common occurrence for most criminal offenders and what can be done about it. In order to do this I searched a lot of online databases’ and examined quite a few academic journals, articles and other scholarly documents and websites on the topic. I tried to find information on the success rate of Community Corrections versus other forms of corrections, how recidivismShow MoreRelatedReducing Recidivism Within The Correctional System1783 Words   |  8 PagesDiversion programs have evolved over time. There are countless programs available with which they all aim to reduce recidivism within the correctional system. We’re going to discuss fome of the programs and their effectiveness. One program that has become widely used is Gang Resistance Education And Training (G.R.E.A.T.). In 1991 the Phoenix PD along with local educators and community leaders, implemented a school-based, gang prevention pilot program. With the hope to reduce gang activity and teachRead MoreEvaluating The Effectiveness Of Maryland s Correctional Education Program1486 Words   |  6 Pagesof Maryland’s Correctional Education program, by examining Maryland’s Criminal Justice Reinvestment program. The goal of the reinvestment program is to reinvest freed funds from closing select prisons back into the criminal justice system and use them to improve correctional education and rehabilitation programs. The end goal is to have an ex-offender that is able to provide for themselves without returning back to crime. Studies have shown that those who complete a correctional educational orRead MoreRecidivism in the United States Criminal Justice System Essay1203 Words   |  5 PagesRe cidivism in the United States Criminal Justice System An ongoing and increasingly evident issue in the criminal justice system is how convicted individuals reenter society with little or no gradual process. These individuals often resort back to criminal activity in an act termed recidivism. According to the National institute of Justice(NIJ), recidivism â€Å"refers to a person’s relapse into criminal behavior, often after the person receives sanctions or undergoes intervention for a previousRead MoreCorrectional Facilities in the United States: An Increasing Concern669 Words   |  3 PagesIn attempting to discern likely trends in the burgeoning area of correctional facilities, it is necessary to gauge current trends and measures of policy that are designed to account for them. Some of the most salient factors that become clear when one looks at the contemporary state of correctional facilities within the United States are that there are increasingly high numbers of people in prison (approximately 700 inmates for every 100 ,000 people which puts the total number of inmates in AmericaRead MoreHow Recidivism Is Better Than Others, And The Researcher1262 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions will be important for better understanding recidivism, why the government has difficulty in combating it, and also how to improve aftercare programs to decrease the level of recidivism. In this vein, Maltz (1984) took to the analysis of the recidivism phenomenon, reviewing different definitions of the word and relating these definitions to the evaluation of goals programs of the criminal justice system. The researcher also discuss data on recidivism, noting there are different methods for analyzingRead MoreThe Goal of the United States Criminal Justice System794 Words   |  4 Pages Within the United States Criminal Justice System, it is not only goal to simply punish those who break the law, but to also reduce the level of criminal activity. In order to fulfill this important aspect of the Criminal Justice System, offenders must be rehabilitated and motivated to refrain from engaging in further criminal activity so that they do not return to prison. Since the early 1990’s, our country’s crime rate has been declining. Studies such as the Pew Safety Performance Project pointRead MoreEffective Supervision Probation : How Effective Is It?1309 Words   |  6 PagesIntensive Supervision Probation: How effective is it? Due to the increase of correctional populations that continue to exceed its’ capacity, correctional alternatives were created. Correctional alternatives were to alleviate both prison crowding and the threat to public safety posed by serious offenders (Flores, Holsinger, Latessa, Lowenkamp, Makarios, 2010). Rehabilitation in the 1970s was a variable correctional goal however by the 1980s intermediate sanctions developed . Intermediate sanctionsRead MoreThe Mental Impairment And Unfitness Act1285 Words   |  6 Pagesthe criminal justice system or mental health system instead of his/her mental health issues. However, this legislation has several challenges including the likelihood of mentally ill offenders to receive unsuitable sentences because of being processed by a mainstream non-specialized Court (Hunter, n.d.). The offenders are usually punished for offenses they were not criminally responsible or cannot remember involvement in it. Problems in Australia’s Criminal Justice System In essence, it is quiteRead MoreLiterature Review On Recidivism854 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review Correctional Treatment: An Effective Model for Change This particular study uses the therapeutic community theory model (TC) of treatment to reduce recidivism. The journal article discusses the development and the history of (TC). Furthermore, it uses the TC) model in the Oregon prison correctional system to validate this particular method of treatment. The purpose of the study: The purpose of this study was to show that an effective drug treatment program in the criminal justiceRead MoreHigh Prevalence Rates Of Crime1023 Words   |  5 Pageswho’ve been involved in any unacceptable conduct (Hess, 2009). Recidivism which is defined as the tendency by individuals to relapse into a previous criminal behavior forms the subject of this essay. The essay examines measures that may be adopted to reduce the instances of youth recidivism. Revamped Correctional Institutions Such institutions as prisons are intended to serve a correctional purpose. However, most of these institutions fail to correct

The American Dream - 927 Words

The American Dream The development of urban communities, and their consequent rot because of a free enterprise request took after by endeavors to reestablish city life alongside a departure of those with means and/or fitting skin color helped by arrangement instruments. With the racial isolation got as a result (or perhaps item) of the chain of occasions would compress the appointed readings more or less. To expand from Dolores Hayden s From the Ideal City to the Dream House the Jeffersonian perfect of majority rule government supported the model family cultivate over the model town and this perfect was all the more generally acknowledged by the rustic Americans over the communitarian communist towns that were heading up from Maine to California. The American dream was showcased straightforwardly to the American lady, and in my understanding the yearning for, semi well off American lady as a way to spread the craving for a solitary family home in a suburban setting. Such suburban models were advanced by Catharine Beecher and Andrew Jackson Downing were intended to review the estimations of the puritan pledge group however to suit families whose lives were revolved around beneficial dealings of the new urban areas. As expressed these houses were just open to the few families that had the intends to manage the cost of them. While they were publicized as the working man s prize, few would ever have the capacity to leave their dwellings and possess these houses.Show MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

The Waiting Room free essay sample

The Waiting Room A family is like a puzzle. When all of the pieces are put together and fit perfectly in their own unique ways, I feel content. Ever since I can remember, I have always had that puzzle put together. Nobody in my family or nobody very close to me has ever died. But one day, I thought that my puzzle would get ruined and no longer be together. This was the day that I found out that my grandpa Danny had a heart attack. This incident happened exactly two years ago over MEA break. My dad and brother were already at the trapper shack for a day. The trapper shack is this little shack in the middle of nowhere in Baltrami were they go hunt. This weekend they were so excited to hunt for some grouse. My mom and I were on our way to the cities to do a little shopping and have a girls weekend. It was a cold fall day, and the trees were warm and beautiful. They were burnt orange and warm yellow, and I could not take my eyes off of them. The trees were tall and broad, they were clothed in healthy, fresh leaves. I thought that nothing could go wrong on this pretty day.Right before my mom and I reached the turn to either go left and go the cities, or right, to go toward Grand Forks area where our family lives, my mom got a call. I have my headphones in at the time. She pulls over and stops the car. I am confused as to why she pulls over. My mom is the type of person who shows her emotions facially, and she can never hide her emotions. At this point I can tell that something is wrong so I take my headphones out and listen. â€Å"What is going on? Who are you talking about? Is it Grandpa?,†I said. â€Å"Grandpa Danny had a heart attack,† she said. At that point of my life, my knowledge of what a heart attack is was very vague. I just automatically thought, the per son’s heart stopped, and then they died. I did not cry or freak out like my mom was.I just sat there because I was so shocked. I had never had anything like that happen to me. Nobody in my family has ever been in a life or death health situation. I felt the leather on the seats heat up while I was clenching on to them, trying not to freak out. The rough leather was becoming soft*. I tried to calm my mom down and tell her that we do not know all the facts and he is alive right now and that is what matters. We decided to take that right turn, and go towards home and go to the Grand Forks hospital where he was. All my mom wanted at that point, was tobe able to call my dad and tell him what she knewand what had happened. But she could not, because the trapper shack is in the middle of nowhere and there was no service. Our three hour drive to Grand Forks felt like it was ten hours. Of course the weather was crappy, which did not help our mind set. The clouds were dark and the sky was grey like the mood.During the whole car ride, my mom was on the phone with her brothers and her mom, all talking about her dad. She was in tears the whole entire time. We finally get to the hospital. We run to the front desk and urgently try to figure out where my Grandpa Danny is. He was on the third floor;The Intensive care unit floor. It smelled like chemicals right as we got there. We went up the elevator and right when we get out we see our family in the waiting room. We see my Uncle Todd, my Uncle Brad, my cousins Abby, Hannah, and Josh, and lastly, my Grandma Delores. My heart broke for her the first second I saw her. I felt so bad thinking of what kind of worry and sadness she must have been in at that moment. I laugh when I feel uncomfortable, so I awkwardly laughed when I hugged them all. I could tell that everyone was in distress. Then, we wait. Everyone but my grandma finally leaves to go to sleep. We still did not know if he was okay or not. The next morning we all went to the hospital bright and early. Once again, we sat in the waiting room, waiting. My cousin Abby and Uncle Brad and I decided to go to Starbucks to get some actually decent coffee. I will never forget when my Uncle Brad quietly said to us. â€Å"Girls, you should possibly get something to wear to a funeral because things are not looking so good,† he said. He was trying not to cry when he said it. That sentence that he had said brought my hopes down and put me in the realization that my grandpa may not make it. The taste of my sweet vanilla latte soon became bitter. My cousin Abby and I are very close. She is in the front seat and turned around to look at me. We both wear the same somber expression on our faces but both force a little smile to make the other feel better. When we got back to the waiting room, it was once again awkward and worrysome feeling. I felt better when I saw the other familiarfaces of my family. In times like this, family becomes important. Once ag ain, everyone is sitting in the waiting room. â€Å"I am going to go to the bathroom,† I said. I walk into the tiny hospital bathroom. During those past few days I hadn’t cried at all; I was trying to stay positive and didn’t want anybody in the family to see me cry. I broke down in tears in the bathroom. I thought about my grandpas soft smile and imagined never being able to see it again. The bathroom walls were closing in on me, and laughing at me for hiding my tears from everyone. I guess that those tears were good luck. A few hours later, we found out that he was okay and we could come to his roomand see him. The bright white hospital walls became even brighter. I could almost hear everyones breath of relief and peace. Being able to see him after being so worried was amazing. He was in bad shape, but he still was trying to crack a joke and make the mood a little bit more lighthearted when we saw him. That is just who he is. The room felt crowded at first, an d I thought that since there was so many people in there, my grandpa would not notice me. But after he said the simple phrase, ‘Hi my Lucy†, (thats his nickname for me), I felt like it was only us two in the whole hospital. Going through this experience has taught me to never take anything, especially family, for granted. I cherish every moment I get when I see my grandpa and how blessed my family is that he made it through that life or death experience. It taught me to be thankful for my puzzle, but know that it may not always be perfect and put together. As we left the hospital that day, the trees were the exact same as they were before. The leaves were yellow and orange. But one thing that was not the same as it was before, was the sky. Rather than being grey and gloomy like the mood, it became sunny and light. It was Gods way of saying your welcome and to never lose hope.

Virgil’s Prevailing Hero free essay sample

The heroic characteristics introduced in Virgil’s Aeneid are different in comparison to the Homeric epic characteristics. Unlike Homeric epics the Iliad and the Odyssey, Virgil depicts Aeneas, the Aeneid epic hero, in a modern way, making Aeneas more relatable and better understood by the audience. The three major differences between Virgil’s epic hero, Aeneas, and Homer’s epic heroes, Achilleus and Odysseus, from the Iliad and the Odyssey are the use of inner struggles within the epic hero, the compassion towards personal relationships, and situational self-awareness with oneself and ones fate with the Gods. In the introduction of the epic hero, Virgil stage sets Aeneas in the middle of a storm at sea, created by Juno with the intention of killing Aeneas and his Trojan men. With the rage of the winds and waves destroying seven of the twenty ships, Aeneas expresses a sense of inner struggle through the quote, â€Å"Aeneas on the instant felt his knees go numb and slack, and stretched both hands to heaven, groaning out: Triply lucky, all you men to whom death came before your fathers’ eyes below the wall at Troy! Bravest Danaan, Diomedes, why could I not go down when you had wounded me, and lose my life on Ilium’s battlefield? † (Aeneid I. We will write a custom essay sample on Virgil’s Prevailing Hero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 131-140). From first impression, Aeneas is not considered the conventional epic hero in contrast to the epic heroes depicted through Homeric epics; as one would not recollect Achilleus or Odysseus begging for the oncoming of death due to fear. In the introduction to the Iliad and the Odyssey, both classic heroes are portrayed with an outward appearance of strength and pride, showing no fear against enemies or monsters; they were primarily focused with conquering their external battles. Unlike Aeneas, Achilleus and Odysseus by no means let their terror over-power their mentality. Secondly, Aeneas has a trait of heroism that is absent within Homeric epics, which is having compassion towards his personal relationships. Aeneas has developed a deep love and devotion towards his father, son, wife, and lover. However, he is mainly focused on his duty to fulfill his destiny to the Gods; Aeneas was aware of the consequences of his actions towards his loved ones and felt remorse for the grief he had caused. An example of his remorse is through Aeneas’s descent into Hades to retrieve advice from his father, Anchises, he recognizes a shade of Dido, that confirmed what Aeneas had feared would happen after his departure from his former lover, â€Å"He wept and spoke tenderly to her: ‘Dido, so forlorn, the story then that came to me was true, that you were out of life, had met your end by your own hand. Was I, was I the cause? I swear by heaven’s stars, by the high gods, by any certainty below the earth, I left your land against my will, my queen. (Aeneid VI. 610-620). In Homer’s Iliad, epic hero, Achilleus, is callous and arrogant but he expresses fondness for his dear friend, Patroclus, when he is murdered by Hektor. Achilleus mourns the death of his friend by translating this emotion into rage and revenge. Although Achilleus has a compassionate connection towards Patroclus, he lashed out with anger instead of expressing remorse from the loss of his friend. Finally, none of the Homeric heroes seem to posses the same ability to develop self-awareness and acceptance to fate from the Gods as Aeneas did in the Aeneid. Piety, being defined as the obedience to the will of the gods, is a key element into understanding Aeneas’ motives for continuing his journey to discover the land which will become Rome. An example of Aeneas understanding his path in following his fate is through the end of the text when Aeneas is deciding the spare Turnus’ life. However, he notices the belt of Pallas and kills Turnus without hesitation. The killing of Turnus is the result of his fate and proof that his destiny cannot be hindered by his enemy, Turnus, and is convinced that he had fulfilled the destiny that had been prophesized. In Homer’s Iliad, Achilleus ignores the fate of the Gods and does what he feels is more acceptable towards himself and his pride. An example of this, is at the end of the text, Achilleus defies the Gods and murders Hektor with the knowledge that if he should do so he in turn would be slain. Overall, the decisions of the Gods played a large role in the choices Aeneas made throughout his journey. In conclusion, the depiction of an epic hero is either defined by whether they are being strong and weak. To me, this makes the heroes more relatable to real- modern characters. The different character developments of classic heroes between Virgil’s Aeneid and Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey give an implication of character growth throughout Virgil’s epic. Witnessing the inner conflict struggles Aeneas undergoes and his discovery of his fate, gives a feeling of understanding towards the epic character as he finds himself as a hero and a leader of his people.

George Essays - George Washington, Rebels, Martha Washington

George Essays - George Washington, Rebels, Martha Washington George George Washington George Washington is best known as the Father of our Country. He cared for this country much like a parent would care for a child. During his presidency, he solved many noteworthy problems. His achievements led to a democratic, wonderful country we like to call The United States of America. Although hes not thought of as glamorous, George Washington is looked upon with the utmost respect and awe by all countries of the world. George Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia on February 22, 2. ' Virginia was alarmed when a French expedition from Canada established posts on the headwaters of the Ohio River. Conflict over this area eventually erupted into the French and Indian War, in which Washington played a major military role that established his reputation as a commander. In the fall of 1758 the French were defeated. In 1759 he married Martha Dandridge Custis, a wealthy young widow. Washington matured into a solid member of Virginia society. From 1759 to 1774 he served in the House of Burgesses. By 1774 Washington had become a key supporter of the colonial cause. That same year he was elected to the First Continental Congress. In 1775 the Second Continental Congress elected Washington commander in chief of its army. In July Washington arrived in Massachusetts, where the battles at Lexington and Concord had been fought. The British pulled back most of their troops to winter in New York City, leaving scattered garrisons of German mercenaries in New Jersey. On December 25 Washington led his small army across the ice-clogged Delaware, successfully attacked a garrison at Trenton, and re-crossed the Delaware without interference. In January 1777 near Princeton, he defeated three British regiments marching to reinforce General Charles Cornwallis. The British eventually surrendered. After the victory, Washington rejected a plan, which had support in the army, of establishing a monarchy with himself as king. branches should have a large gap between them. He also believed that the president should not influence Congress in the passing of laws. However, if he does not agree with a certain bill, he has the power of vetoing it. He viewed the responsibilities of the president largely as administering the laws of Congress and supervising relations with other countries. Washington had set an important precedent when he attained the power to appoint and dismiss his own department heads. Without this example, Congress could sneak behind the Presidents authority and allow unwanted department heads to stay in office against the Presidents wishes. Washington was ecstatic about forming his cabinet, and he and his advisers acted with exceptional energy. Washington was well equipped for the work of building a structure of administration. He had a talent for fusing together his plans and actions to get adequate results. First, he acquired the necessary facts, which he weighed carefully. Once he had reached a decision, he carried it out with vitality and tenacity. He was never lazy in making decisions for his country. He always acted promptly and decisively. Thorough, systematic, accurate, and, being attentive to detail also described his personality. He expected the same enthusiasm from every one in his administration. On September 24, 1789, Washington passed The Judiciary Act, which set up a federal court system. Its basic features were provided for by the Constitution. Since the president is considered the chief enforcer of federal laws, it is his duty to prosecute cases before the federal courts. In this work his agent is the attorney general. The Judiciary Act of 1789 planned so well, that most of its essential features have survived until today. Washington believed strongly in the constitutional demand that the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government should be kept as separate as possible. Washington did not use his charisma or office to influence legislative debates. He thought that the President should not try to control the kinds of laws that Congress passed. However, he believed that if he disapproved of a bill, he had the right to veto it. Washington believed that the presidents duties were to administer the laws of Congress and supervise relations with other countries. George Washington was the first true pioneer of the newly born United States of America. He helped shape this country to its Democratic perfection today. During his double termed presidency, he ran the country with poise and dignity. It is no wonder that Henry Lee uttered that famous epitaph: first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte, Military Commander

Biography of Napoleon Bonaparte, Military Commander Napoleon Bonaparte (August 15, 1769–May 5, 1821), one of the greatest military commanders in history, was the twice-emperor of France whose military endeavors and sheer personality dominated Europe for a decade. In military affairs, legal issues, economics, politics, technology, culture, and society in general, his actions influenced the course of European history for over a century, and some argue, to this very day. Fast Facts: Napoleon Bonaparte Known For: Emperor of France, conqueror of much of EuropeAlso Known As: Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon 1st of France, The Little Corporal, The CorsicanBorn: August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, CorsicaParents: Carlo Buonaparte, Letizia RamolinoDied: May 5, 1821 on Saint Helena, United KingdomPublished Works: Le souper de Beaucaire (Supper at Beaucaire), a pro-republican pamphlet (1793); the Napoleonic Code, the French civil code (1804); authorized the publication of Description de lÉgypte, a multivolume work authored by dozens of scholars detailing Egypts archeology, topography, and natural history (1809-1821)Awards and Honors: Founder and grand master of the Legion of Honor (1802), the Order of the Iron Crown (1805), the Order of the Reunion (1811)Spouse(s): Josephine de Beauharnais (m. March 8, 1796–Jan. 10, 1810), Marie-Louise (m. April 2, 1810–May 5, 1821)Children: Napoleon IINotable Quote: Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it m ay perform very good or very bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them. Early Life Napoleon was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on August 15, 1769, to Carlo Buonaparte, a lawyer and political opportunist, and his wife Marie-Letizia. The Buonapartes were a wealthy family from the Corsican nobility, although when compared to the great aristocracies of France, Napoleons kin were poor. Napoleon entered the military academy at Brienne in 1779. He moved to the Parisian École Royale Militaire in 1784 and graduated a year later as a second lieutenant in the artillery. Spurred on by his fathers death in February 1785, the future emperor had completed in one year a course that often took three. Early Career Despite being posted on the French mainland, Napoleon was able to spend much of the next eight years in Corsica thanks to his ferocious letter writing and rule-bending, as well as the effects of the French Revolution (which led to the French Revolutionary Wars) and sheer good luck. There he played an active part in political and military matters, initially supporting the Corsican rebel Pasquale Paoli, a former patron of Carlo Buonaparte. Military promotion also followed, but Napoleon became opposed to Paoli and when civil war erupted in 1793 the Buonapartes fled to France, where they adopted the French version of their name: Bonaparte. The French Revolution had decimated the republics officer class and favored individuals could achieve swift promotion, but Napoleons fortunes rose and fell as one set of patrons came and went. By December 1793, Napoleon was the hero of Toulon, a general and favorite of Augustin Robespierre; shortly after the wheel of revolution turned and Napoleon was arrested for treason. Tremendous political flexibility saved him and the patronage of Vicomte Paul de Barras, soon to be one of Frances three Directors, followed. Napoleon became a hero again in 1795, defending the government from angry counter-revolutionary forces; Baras rewarded Napoleon by promoting him to high military office, a position with access to the political spine of France. Napoleon swiftly grew into one of the countrys most respected military authorities, largely by never keeping his opinions to himself, and he married Josephine de Beauharnais in 1796. Rise to Power In 1796, France attacked Austria. Napoleon was given command of the Army of Italy, whereupon he welded a young, starving and disgruntled army into a force which won victory after victory against theoretically stronger Austrian opponents. Napoleon returned to France in 1797 as the nations brightest star, having fully emerged from the need for a patron. Ever a great self-publicist, he maintained the profile of a political independent, thanks partly to the newspapers he now ran. In May 1798, Napoleon left for a campaign in Egypt and Syria, prompted by his desire for fresh victories, the French need to threaten Britains empire in India and the Directorys concerns that their famous general might seize power. The Egyptian campaign was a military failure (although it had a great cultural impact) and a change of government in France caused Bonaparte to leave- some might say abandon- his army and return in the August 1799. Shortly after he took part in the Brumaire coup of November 1799, finishing as a member of the Consulate, Frances new ruling triumvirate. First Consul The transfer of power might not have been smooth, owing much to luck and apathy, but Napoleons great political skill was clear; by February 1800, he was established as the First Consul, a practical dictatorship with a constitution wrapped firmly around him. However, France was still at war with her fellows in Europe and Napoleon set out to beat them. He did so within a year, although the key triumph, the Battle of Marengo, fought in June 1800, was won by the French General Desaix. From Reformer to Emperor Having concluded treaties that left Europe at peace, Bonaparte began working on France, reforming the economy, legal system (the famous and enduring Code Napoleon), church, military, education, and government. He studied and commented on minute details, often while traveling with the army, and the reforms continued for most of his rule. Bonaparte exhibited skill as both legislator and statesmen. Napoleons popularity remained high, helped by his mastery of propaganda but also genuine national support, and he was elected Consulate for life by the French people in 1802 and Emperor of France in 1804, a title which he worked hard to maintain and glorify. Initiatives like the Concordat with the Church and the Code helped secure his status. Return to War Europe was not at peace for long. Napoleons fame, ambitions, and character were based on conquest, making it almost inevitable that his reorganized Grande Armà ©e would fight further wars. However, other European countries also sought conflict, for not only did they distrust and fear Napoleon, but they also retained their hostility toward revolutionary France. For the next eight years, Napoleon dominated Europe, fighting and defeating a range of alliances involving combinations of Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia. Sometimes his victories were crushing- such as Austerlitz in 1805, often cited as the greatest military victory ever- and at other times, he was either very lucky, fought almost to a standstill, or both. Napoleon forged new states in Europe, including the German Confederation- built from the ruins of the Holy Roman Empire- and the Duchy of Warsaw, while also installing his family and favorites in positions of great power. The reforms continued and Napoleon had an ever-increasing effect on culture and technology, becoming a patron of both the arts and sciences while stimulating creative responses across Europe. Disaster in Russia The Napoleonic Empire may have shown signs of decline by 1811, including a downturn in diplomatic fortunes and continuing failure in Spain, but such matters were overshadowed by what happened next. In  1812 Napoleon went to war with Russia, assembling a force of over 400,000 soldiers, accompanied by the same number of followers and support. Such an army was almost impossible to feed or adequately control and the Russians repeatedly retreated, destroying the local resources and separating Napoleons army from its supplies. Napoleon continually dithered, eventually reaching Moscow on Sept. 8, 1812, after the Battle of Borodino, a bludgeoning conflict where over 80,000 soldiers died. However, the Russians refused to surrender, instead torching Moscow and forcing Napoleon into a long retreat back to friendly territory. The Grande Armà ©e was assailed by starvation, extremes of weather and terrifying Russian partisans throughout, and by the end of 1812 only 10,000 soldiers were able to fight. Many of the rest had died in horrible conditions, with the camps followers faring even worse. A coup had been attempted in Napoleons absence from France and his enemies in Europe were reinvigorated, forming a grand alliance intent on removing him. Vast numbers of enemy soldiers advanced across Europe toward France, overturning the states Bonaparte had created. The combined forces of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and others just used a simple plan, retreating from the emperor himself and advancing again when he moved to face the next threat. Abdication Throughout 1813 and into 1814 the pressure grew on Napoleon; not only were his enemies grinding his forces down and approaching Paris, but the British had fought out of Spain and into France, the Grande Armà ©es Marshalls were underperforming and Bonaparte had lost the French publics support. Nevertheless, for the first half of 1814 Napoleon exhibited the military genius of his youth, but it was a war he couldnt win alone. On March 30, 1814, Paris surrendered to allied forces without a fight and, facing massive betrayal and impossible military odds, Napoleon abdicated as Emperor of France; he was exiled to the Island of Elba. Second Exile and Death Napoleon made a sensational  return to power in 1815. Traveling to France in secret, he attracted vast support and reclaimed his imperial throne, as well as reorganizing the army and government. After a series of initial engagements, Napoleon was narrowly defeated in one of historys greatest battles: Waterloo. This final adventure had occurred in less than 100 days, closing with Napoleons second abdication on June 25, 1815, whereupon British forces forced him into further exile. Housed on St. Helena, a small rocky island well away from Europe in the South Atlantic Ocean, Napoleons health and character fluctuated; he died within six years, on May 5, 1821, at age 51. Legacy Napoleon helped perpetuate a state of European-wide warfare that lasted for 20 years. Few individuals have ever had such a huge effect on the world, on economics, politics, technology, culture, and society. Napoleon may not have been a general of utter genius, but he was very good; he may not have been the best politician of his age, but he was often superb; he may not have been a perfect legislator, but his contributions were hugely important. Napoleon used his talents- through luck, talent, or force of will- to rise from chaos and then build, lead, and spectacularly destroy an empire before doing it all again in a tiny microcosm one year later. Whether a hero or tyrant, the reverberations were felt across Europe for a century. Sources I, Napoleon. â€Å"Description of Egypt. Second Edition. Antiquities, Volume One (Plates).†Ã‚  WDL RSS, Detroit Publishing Company, 1 Jan. 1970.â€Å"16 Most Remarkable Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes.†Ã‚  Goalcast, Goalcast, 6 Dec. 2018.Editors, History.com. â€Å"Napoleon Bonaparte.†Ã‚  History.com, AE Television Networks, 9 Nov. 2009.

Forensic psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forensic psychology - Essay Example In this respect the psychologist will asses the risk of re-offending; the defendant's attitude and motivation to change; to asses the feasibility of a community based disposal rehabilitation or community service program; to assist the court to avoid the use of custody, instead using a community based disposal; and to evaluate the possible risk of defendant to harm their self and others. The forensic psychologist is required to be aware of and sensitive to the circumstances of under-represented groups in the community, for example, those who experience a mental illness. It has been indicated that the defendant is suspected of having a long-standing illness. As such, the defendant is to be shown respect, community, dignity and to be provided with unbiased and un-discriminatory services in the practices of the forensic psychologist, and in the report that the psychologist prepares for them. The forensic psychologist can develop a criminal profile of the defendant to aid in decisions about the sentencing. Using a risk and needs assessment, the psychologist can also advise the court as to the suitability of the defendant to attend rehabilitation based programs coordinated and supervised by local authorities within the prison system, if the defendant is remanded in custody.